Direct or quoted speech is a sentence (or several sentences) that reports speech or thought in its original form phrased by the original speaker. It is usually enclosed in quotation marks.
Indirect speech, also known as reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech.
Examples:
** D = Direct Speech
I = Indirect Speech
1. D: Harry said, “I am going to mosque”.
I: Harry said that he was going to mosque.
2. D: “Please give me something to eat. I am hungry” the little boy said to his mom.
I: The little boy requested his mom to give him something to eat and said that he was hungry.
3. D: “Bring me a cup of coffee” said Perry to Gigi.
I: Perry asked Gigi to bring her a cup of coffee.
4. D: Mala said to Cantika, “Do you like make up?”
I: Mala asked Cantika if she liked make up.
5. D: “Aliyah! I have broken my sister’s lipstick” said her.
I: She exclaimed sorrowfully that she had broken his sister’s lipstick.
Conditional sentences are also known as conditional clauses or if clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of conditional sentences.
The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. These sentences are based on facts, and they are used to make statements about the real world, and about particular situations. We often use such sentences to give warnings. In type 1 conditional sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real.
Examples:
1. If you drop that glass, it will break.
2. Nobody will notice if you make a mistake.
The type 2 conditional refers to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result. These sentences are not based on the actual situation. In type 2 conditional sentences, the time is now or any time and the situation is hypothetical.
Examples:
1. If I were a plant, I would love the rain.
2. If I was the Queen of England, I would give everyone a chicken.
The type 3 conditional refers to an impossible condition in the past and its probable result in the past. These sentences are truly hypothetical and unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always some implication of regret with type 3 conditional sentences. The reality is the opposite of, or contrary to, what the sentence expresses. In type 3 conditional sentences, the time is the past and the situation is hypothetical.
Examples:
1. If I had had enough time, I would have come to your wedding party.
2. If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
